One time password authentication of websites

ABSTRACT

A method including generating a first and second One Time Password (OTP) token from a shared clock, receiving a third OTP token, and comparing the second and the third OTP tokens. A system including a number generator residing on a first server to generate first and second One Time Password (OTP) tokens from a shared clock, a transmitter residing on the first server to transmit the first and the second OTP tokens, a receiver residing on a second server to receive the first, the second, and a third OTP tokens, and a comparator residing on the second server to compare the second and the third OTP tokens to authenicate an identity of a party who generates the third OTP token.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/620,286 filed Jan. 5, 2007, entitled “ONE TIME PASSWORD AUTHENTICATION OF WEBSITES,” which application is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates generally to the technical field of online security and, in one specific example, the use of a double One-Time-Password (OTP) token in the course of authenticating a user and a website during the course of conducting online transactions.

BACKGROUND

OTP tokens are used to verify the identity of a user of for example, an e-commerce site, banking site or other site that requires verification. The verification operation works by taking password values from two separate but synchronized clocks, and comparing these values. In some instances, a clock may reside on a band held device, while a second clock may reside on a third-party authentication server. This type of verification uses passwords based upon clocks or “Synchronized One-Time Passwords.” The hand held devices can include devices such as key fobs, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), or cell phones. The time synchronized passwords are known as tokens, or OTP tokens.

OTP tokens are commonly used to verify the identity of the holder of the security token. For example, in the e-commerce context, the holder of an OTP token value may use this token to verify their identity, and once this identity is verified, the holder is able to purchase goods and services from the site. While OTP tokens are effective at verifying the identity of the token holder, they are not effective at verifying the identity of, for example, the site with which the token holder is transacting business. This type of verification is necessary in cases of, for example, phishing attacks and other types of e-commerce fraud. Phishers attempt to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business in an electronic communication. Phishing is typically carried out using email or an instant message.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example system for two-factor authentication.

FIG. 2 is an interface diagram illustrating an example GUI in the form of a web page.

FIG. 3 is a dual stream flowchart illustrating an example method for two-factor authentication.

FIG. 4 shows a perspective, side and front views of an example dual OTP key fob.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of various example hardware and software components that may be used to create a dual OTP key fob.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating second example method for factor-authentication illustrated.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for generating two OTP tokens using a device.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for generating two OTP tokens using a token generation algorithm.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example platform architecture.

FIG. 10 shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system.

DETAILED ILLUSTRATION

Example methods are systems to further online security are described. In the following illustration, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of example embodiments. It is evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.

The leading digit(s) reference numbers appearing in the Figures generally corresponds to the Figure, number in which that component is first introduced, such that the same reference number is used throughout to refer to an identical component which appears in multiple Figures. Signals and connections may be referred to b the same reference number or label, and the actual meaning is clear from its use in the context of the illustration.

In some embodiments, a user (e.g., Alice) utilizes a double OTP token device that has one or more buttons to generate one or more OTP tokens. In one embodiment, this dual OTP token device is, in effect, two entirely separate security keys contained in one device. As is more fully described below, these tokens, however, are generated using the same internal clock. The operation for using this double OTP token device can be described as follows. Alice goes to a secure site such as EBAY™ (e.g., www.ebay.com). She enters her username and password on the sites main page. The site verifies the credentials and sends a request to a third-party authentication site such as, for example, VERISIGN™, for what is Alice's first current OTP token value. The third-party authentication site returns a value (e.g., 123456). The site presents this value to Alice, along with some other six-digit randomly chosen numbers, along with a message requesting Alice to obtain a token value from her dual OTP token device (e,g., Alice need to press the black button on her device). Alice obtains the value and sees 123456. Alice verifies that this number appears in the list of numbers displayed by the site. Next. Alice obtains the second OTP token value by, for example, pressing the white button. Once this value is obtained, she enters it into a text box or other input object/widget on the she's web page. The site then sends this value to the third-party authentication site for verification. If the second token value is verified, then the third-party authentication site returns a “yes” inciation to the site, and Alice is free to transact business with the site. As is discussed more fully below, the use of these two tokens is an example of a two-factor-authentication system.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example system 100. Some example embodiments may include a set 101 containing a variety of devices that can be used to generate two OTP tokens using one clock synchronized with a clock residing on a third-party authentication server. These devices facilitate two-factor-authentication via using a combination of a shared secret in the form of two (2) unique serial numbers used in combination with a clock value synchronized with an authentication web site and servers operating thereon. A double OTP token device may include devices such as a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) 102, a cell phone 103, or a dual OTP key fob 104. A user 106 using a computer system 105 enters their password and identification information into a web page. This information is sent via a network connection 107 to a site 113. Once the user's password and identification values are verified, a web page 108 is displayed to the user 106 via the computer system 105.

This web page 108 may contain at least two fields. A first field (e.g., prompt 109) contains a series of OTP token values which may be six-digit values, seven-digit values, eight-digit values, or some other suitable size token. These values are actual OTP token values, whereas in other embodiments some of these values are pseudo-OTP token values appearing in combination with authentic OTP token values. A second field (e.g., prompt 110) of this web page 108 contains a text box, drop-down menu, object, or widget where a user 106 can enter or select a token value. A user 106 may review the first field of the web page 108 to determine whether one of the displayed token values corresponds to one of the two values displayed on one of the members of the set 101. Once a user 106 verifies that this value exists in this first field, the user 106 may then look for a second value presented in one of the members of the set 101 to enter into the textbox or other input object, contained in the second field of the web page 108. Once the user 106 enters this second token value, the second token value is sent to the site 113 for verification (see e.g., 111),

The second token value is then compared to token values received from a secured verification site 112 (e.g., the site of the third-party authentication server). This secured verification site 112 uses a symmetric encryption (e.g., Rivest, Shamir and Adleman (RSA) encryption), symmetrical encryption (e.g., Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption), or a hybrid encryption (Hybrid-Crypto) system. Three or more tokens may be returned from the secured verification site 112 to the she 113. If the verification of the second OTP token value is successful, then the user 1-6 is allowed to produced with the transaction. (see e.g., 114(

A Three-Tier Architecture

An example embodiment may be a distributed or non-distrubuted software application designed under a three-tier software architecture paradigm, whereby the various modules of computer code that make up application can be categorized as belonging to one or more of these tiers. The first tier is an interface level that is relatively free of application processing. The second tier is a logic level that performs processing in the logical/mathematical manipulations (logical manipulations) of data inputted through the interface level, and communicates the results of these logical manipulations with the interface and/or backend or storage level. These logical manipulations may relate to certain business rules or tasks that govern the application as a whole. These logical manipulations and associated business rules include rules to facilitate the verification of two or more OTP tokens via one or more web pages (e.g., web page 108). More to the point, the logic level helps to establish a two-factor-authentication system whereby a user (e.g., user 106) is asked to meet the “what you have” or “what, you are” factor by providing a valid OTP token value to an authenticating third party (e.g., secured verification site 112) and the “what you know” factor by matching a second OTP token value to those values provided by the third-authenticating party. The storage level is a persistent storage medium or non-persistent storage medium. One or more of these tiers may be collapsed into another, resulting in a two-tier architecture, or one-tier architecture. For example, the interface and logic levels may be consolidated, or the logic and storage level may be consolidated, as in the case of an application with an embedded database. This three-tier architecture may he implemented using one technology, or as is discussed below, a variety of technologies. These technologies may include one or more object-oriented programming languages such as, for example, Java™. C++, Delphi™, C#™, or the like. Additionally, structured programming languages such as, for example, C may also be used. Moreover, scripting languages such as, for example, Perl, Python, PHP, JavaScript or VBScript™ may also he used. This three-tier architecture, and the technologies through which it is implemented, can be implemented in two or more computers organized in a server-client relationship, as is well known in the art, such that an interface level resides on a client computer, whereas a logic level resides on the application server (see below) and the storage level resides on a database server (see below). Moreover, these three tiers can be distributed between two or more computers organized in a peer-to-peer configuration whereby, for example, the storage level is distributed across a plurality or computer systems. Put another way, these three levels may be distributed between the two or more computers.

An Interface Level

A further example embodiment may he implemented using a client-so architecture, and using a client-based application (e.g., a browser application or a programmatic client application). Some well-known client-based browser applications include NETSCAPE™, INTERNET EXPLORER™, MOZILLA FIREFOX,™ OPERA™, or some other suitable browser application. Common to these browser applications is the ability to utilize a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)or Secured Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTPS) to get, upload (e.g., PUT) or delete web pages and interpret these web pages, which are written in a hyper-text mark-up language (HTML) and/or an Extensible-Mark-up Language (XML). HTTP and HTTPS are well known in the art, as are HTML and XML. HTTP and HTTPS may be used in conjunction with a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) as described in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, or the. TCP protocol stack model, both of which are well known in the art. The practical purpose of the client-based browser application is to enable a user to interact with the application through the display of plain text, and/or interactive dynamic functionality in the form of buttons, text boxes, scroll down bars or other objects contained on one or more web pages constructed using the aforementioned HTML and/or XML.

Web pages may be static or dynamic in nature. Those that are static typically display text as one would see it on a printed, physical page. Dynamic web pages, however, are interactive and allow for a use to input data query data, and/or modify data just to name a few of the funtionalities associated with dynamic web pages. The dynamic nature of web pages is a product of the use of the other technologies in combination with HTML and/or XML.

Java Server Page (JSP™), or Active Server Pages (ASP™ or ASP.NET™) (collectively server pages) may be used to provide a user with dynamic web pages or content via their web browser. Additional technology in the form of an additional program (e.g., routine) written in another programming language is embedded into the HTML and/or XML code, allowing for web pages to become dynamic. Some of these additional technologies include, for example, embedded routines written in the JAVA programming language, the JavaScript™ language, or the VBSCRIPT programming language or some other suitable programming language. These embedded routines are used to execute the aforementioned HTTP, HTTPS requests (e.g., GET, PUT, and DELETE) for web pages. Various types of programming structures such as branches, loops and other types of logic structures are used in such routines. These routines may allow a user to log in and request content to upload or download. For example, a GUI is used and is implemented via a Java Servlet, Applet, or VBScript or C# form, or some other suitable programming language. As is discussed below, web pages containing GUIs are stored at the logic level, but executed at the interface level is a web browser. These server pages contain objects such as text boxes, buttons, scroll-down bars, or some other suitable dynamic interface object. These objects, and the routines governing them, allow a user to retrieve, input, or delete content, just to name few of the functions. For example, a user is prompted with a login page requesting username and password information to be entered into two or more text. boxes. Once the data entered into the text boxes is verified, a second, new web page is requested, interpreted and displayed in the browser application. The verification of the login information would take place at the logic level outlined below.

In some embodiments, once login and user ID information is verified, the user may be sent one or mote web pages containing OTP token values and/or text boxes or other objects, and widgets into which to input or select OTP token values. For example, a user is prompted with a web page containing one or more fields, including a first field with a list of first OTP token values, and a second field with a text box, or other object, widget into which to enter a second OTP value. Two or more web pages may be used, instead of one web page (e.g., 108), to display and enter OTP token values.

FIG. 2 is a user interface diagram illustrating an example GUI 201, in the form of a web page 108. It will be appreciated that the GUI 201 may be generated utilising any one of a number of other technologies, such as Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX), Adobe FLASH etc, illustrated is a list 202 of values to match with a first token. These values are themselves OTP token values generated by a secured verification site 112, or, in some embodiments, a site 113 and the servers used to maintain each of these respective sites. A user, such as user 106, may generate their own first OTP token values using, for example, one of the devices 101 and compare a first one of these OTP token values to the values on the list 202. Also illustrated is a text box 203 wherein a user, such as user 106, may input a second OTP token value generated by one of the devices 101. Once entered, a send token button 204 is executed. Collectively the list 202 and text box 203 allow for two factor authentication, for the list 202 allows for a web site (e.g., 113) to prove the “what you haven” or “what you are” factor by providing a valid OTP token value to a user (e.g., 106), and the “what you know” factor is proven by the user via inputting an OTP token value into the text box 203 and sending it to the site 113 or 112.

Logic Level

The above described Servlets, Applets, and/or VBScript forms may be stored as a JSP™, or ASP™ on one or more remote server computers connected to the client computer via an Internet. The remote servers can be a web browser and/or application server. Web servers running JSP™ can include the APACHE™/APACHE TOMCAT™ web server. Web servers running ASP™ can include a MICROSOFT WINDOW WEB SERVER 2003™. Application servers running JSP™ can include ORION APPLICATION SERVER™ or other J2EE™ certified application servers. Application servers running ASP™ can include WINDOWS SERVER 2003™.

The logic level may be governed by a scripting language that controls how and when certain web pages or pieces of content are provided to, or made accessible to, a Particular user. This scripting language can be in the form of Java, Perl, Python, or some other general purpose scripting language. For example, once the logic of a JSP™0 determines that a particular object (e,g., a text box) on a web page has been executed (e.g., a username and password has been entered and sent), the data from this text box is inputted and sent to a web or application server. It is the routine written in a scripting language that determines whether, for example, the username and password are valid. The routine written in a scripting language may serve to retrieve data from a storage, data structure, or data base level. The storage level may be run by a separate database application, while in other embodiments a database embedded with a logic level is implemented.

FIG. 3 is a dual stream flowchart illustrating an example method 300 for two-factor authentication. Illustrated is a module 301 and 303 residing on one or more of the devices 101. The module 301 generates two or more clock values from a shared clock. Once these values are generated, then a passed to the module 302 wherein they are hashed using a hashing function (see below description of hashing function) into two or more OTP token values. One of these OTP token values (e.g., a third OTP token value) is provided to a computer system 105 by, for example, a user 106 inputting the value through some type of port connection (e.g., a Universal Serial Bus (USB)). Module 303 receives third OTP token values via, for example, the USB port. By providing this third OTP token value, one of the two factors of authentication may be met. In some embodiments, this OTP token value is passed to a module 304 that transmits this third OTP token value to a module 308 residing on a site secured verification site 113 and the servers managing this site. Also illustrated are modules 305, 306, and 307 that are a part of secured verification site 112 and the servers that manage this site. Module 305, like module 301, generates two or more clock values that are passed through a module 306 wherein a hashing function is applied to generate OTP token values (e.g., a first and second OTP token value). These OTP token values are then passed to a module 307 for transmission across a network (e.g., an Internet) to a module 308 that receives not only the third OTP token value, but also, the first and second OTP token values. Once these various OTP token values (e.g., the first, second and third OTP token values) are received, they are passed onto a module 309 for comparison, wherein the values of the second and third OTP tokens are compared, and where found to be synchronized, a verification or, in some cases a non-verification signal where non-synchronization occurs, is passed to the module 310. In some embodiments, the module 309 de-hashes (e.g., uses reverse hashing) the OTP token values it receives and once de-hashed the resulting clock values are compared for a determination as to whether the values are synchronized. In some embodiments, it is the site 113 that executes the module 309, whereas in other embodiment it is the secured verification site 112 that executed this module 309.

Storage Level

A storage level may be implemented whereby tables of data are created, and data is inserted into, and selected from, these tables using a structured query language (SQL) or some other database-related language known in the art. These tables of data cart be managed using a database application such as, for example, MySQL™, SQLServer™, Oracle 9i™ or 10g™, or some other suitable database application. These tables are organized into a Relational-Database Schema (RDS) or Object-Relational-Database Schemas (ORDS), as is known in the art. These schemas can be normalized using certain normalization algorithms so as to avoid abnormalities such as non-additive joins and other problems. These normalization algorithms include Boyce-Codd Normal form or some other normalization, optimization algorithm known in the art. For example, some embodiments may include username and associated password information being stored together such that the scripting routine can compare the inputted, received username and password information to that data stored in the database. The secured verification site 112 may have a number of tables containing one or more serial numbers for a particular double OTP token device and the associated clock value, and clock cycle setting for a particular device. These tables may he able track whether a particular device has been activated. This tracking is based upon the unique serial number or numbers of the particular device,

Distributed Computing Modules

In some embodiments, remote procedure calls are used to implement one or more of the above described levels of the three-tier architecture across a distributed programming environment. For example, a logic level resides on a first computer system that is remotely located from a second computer system containing an interface or storage level. These first and second computer systems can be configured in a server-client, peer-to-peer or some other suitable configuration. These various levels can be written using the above described component design principles, and can be written in the same programming language, or a different programming language. Various protocols may be implemented to enable these various levels, and components contained therein, to communicate regardless of the programming language used to write these components. For example, a module written in C++ using COBRA or SOAP can communicate with another remote module written in Java™. These protocols include Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), and the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (COBRA) or some other suitable protocol. These protocols are well-known in the art.

A System of Transmission between a Server and Client

Example embodiments may use the OSI or TCP/IP protocol stack models for defining a network across which to pass data Applying these models, a system of data transmission between a server and client computer system can be described as a series of roughly five layers comprising a physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer and application layer. The various levels (e.g., the interface, logic and storage levels) reside on the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. The present application may utilize HTTP to transmit content between the server and client applications, whereas in other embodiments another protocol known in the art is utilized. Content from an application residing at the application layer is loaded into the data load field of a TCP segment residing at the transport layer. This TCP segment also contains port information the a recipient application residing remotely. This TCP segment may be loaded into the data field of an IP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) datagram residing at the network layer. Next, this IP datagram is loaded into a frame residing at the data link layer. This frame is then encoded at the physical laser and the content transmitted over a network such as an Internet. LAN or WAN. Internet refers to a network of networks. Such networks may use a variety of protocols for exchange of information, such as TCP/IP, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), etc., and may be used within a variety of topologies or structures. This network may include a Carrier Sensing Multiple Access Network (CSMA) such an Ethernet based network.

Double OTP Token Device: Dual OTP Key Fob

FIG. 4 shows perspective, side and front views of an example dual OTP key fob 400. In some embodiments, a screen 401 displays a first OTP token. A second screen 402 displays a second OTP token. A button 403 may allow an OTP token value to be displayed to a screen 401. A button 404 may allow a second OTP token value to be displayed to a screen 402. Some embodiments may include the color coding of the buttons 403 and 404 to denote a first button and a second button. For example, button 403 may be black, while button 404 could he white. A key ring 405 allows the dual OTP key fob 400 to be operatively coupled to a key chain or other convenient means of carrying the fab. Some embodiments may include a USB plug 406. Illustrated in FIG. 4 is a side view showing button 403, key ring 405, and USB plug 406. Also illustrated is a top-down view showing sees 401, 402, buttons 403, 404, key ring 405, and USB plug 406. Dual OTP key fob 104 is an example of dual OTP key fob 400.

FIG. 5 is an example, schematic 500 of various hardware and software components that can be used to create a dual OTP key fob 400. These various components can all be hardware, whereas, in other embodiments, these components can all be software, firmware, or these components can be a combination of the aforementioned. A CPU 501 may be used to perform various mathematical operations. Contained within the CPU 501, for example, are various adders and multipliers, or only adders, or only multipliers. CPU 501 is able to process a 20 bit, 21 bit or some other suitable size word. The CPU 501 is operatively coupled to a battery 502. A battery 502 may be a rechargeable battery, whereas, in other embodiments, it may be a disposable battery. The CPU 501 and battery 502 are connected via a bus 514. The CPU 501 is operatively coupled via a bus 514 to a piece of memory 504. The memory 504 is used to store values derived from a clock 503, whereas in other embodiments this memory is used to store OTP token values. These values can be one or more sequential clock values integers) or serial clock values, or these values can be serial clock values or sequential clock values that have been hashed via a bashing function 516 that is also operatively coupled to both the CPU 501 and the clock 503. This memory 504 can also contain various input/output drivers 505 and/or the aforementioned hashing function 516. This memory 504 can be of some suitable size including, for example, a 64 kilobyte or megabyte memory, a 128 kilobyte or megabyte memory, or a 256 kilobyte or megabyte memory, or some other suitable memory size. This memory size may be contingent upon whether additional memory is needed to use the device to store data (e.,g., data files, media flies), in addition to, OTP token values. Various input/output drivers 505 are operatively coupled via a bus 514 to a CPU 501. These input/output drivers 505 are then operatively coupled to various input/output devices via various buses 514. An optional USB plug 515 is connected to the input/output drivers 505. The USB plug 515 may provide power to recharge the battery 502. Additionally, through this USB plug 515, clock synchronization takes place between a clock 503 as a part of the device and a clock located remotely as a part of, for example, an authentication server. Other types of data transfer and synchronization can take place via the USB plug 515. A first screen 506 may be operatively coupled to the input/output drivers 505. A second screen 507 is operatively coupled to the input/output drivers 505 via a bus 514. In some embodiments, only one screen (e.g., 506 or 507), is operatively coupled to the input/output drivers 505 (not illustrated). Example embodiments may further include the screen 506 and/or 507 as having liquid crystal displays, whereas in other embodiments they are another type of suitable display including, but not limited to, a color screen, a monochrome screen or some other suitable screen. The buttons 508 and 509 (e,g., a biased switches) may be operatively to the input/output drivers 505 via a bus 514. Both buttons 508 and 509 may be used in the dual OTP key fob 500, whereas in other embodiments only one button (e.g., 508 or 50-) is used in the device. A hashing function 516 may be implemented. This hashing function 516 is used to hash various integer or other type of numeric values derived from the clock 503 to which it is operatively coupled via, for example, a bus 514. Once these values derived from clock 503 are hashed via the hashing function 516. The hashing function 516 may implement an operation 405.

Some embodiments may include a memory 504 that may be Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Random-Access Memory (RAM), Flash memory or some other suitable memory type. Some embodiments may include EEPROM where the dual OTP key fob 500 is completely powered down, whereas if the dual OTP key fob 500 is going to continue to use memory (e.g., to power the clock 503), RAM may be preferable. Moreover, if the device is going to be used for things (e.g., storing data), in addition to the generation and storage of tokens, then Flash memory may be preferable.

In some embodiments, the battery 502 may be a Lithium-ion battery, Lithium-ion polymer battery, Nickel-cadmium battery, Nickel metal hydride battery, or some other suitable rechargeable battery. Further, the battery 502 may be an alkaline battery. Lithium battery, Silver-oxide battery, or some other suitable battery type. Moreover, the battery 502 may be a 1.5 volt, 1.55 volt, 3 volt or some other battery of a suitable voltage.

In some example embodiments, the clock 503 may be an application written in software and saved into the memory 504, whereas, in other embodiments, it may be completely implemented using hardware. The values generated by the clock 503 are integer values. Where the clock 503 is implemented in hardware, an additional software module may be needed to allow or the re-synchronization of the clock with another clock contained on, for example, an authentication server such as the secured verification she 112. Re-synchronization may take the form of the software module, compensating for the difference between the clock signal and the clock value as reflected in rue secured verification site 112. In providing this compensation, the problem of token drift can he addressed.

Example use Case

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a second example method 600 for two-factor-authentication. In some embodiments, a user 106 uses an operation 602 to send password and ID information to an site via, for example, a web page 108. This password and ID information is verified via a verifier 603 such as a site 113. If the password or the ID is unverified, then the user is re-prompted to enter correct password and ID information. If the password and ID are correct, then at operation 604 the site 113 prompts the user with a web page 108 that allows the user to both review OTP token values, and enter OTP token values into the web page. To obtain OTP taken values the user uses an operation 605 wherein the user activates a double OTP token device (e.g., cell phone 103. PDA 102, or dual OTP key fob 104).

The user may then decide if the first token displayed on the double OTP token device is displayed on the web page 108 provided by operation 604. If the value is not displayed on the web page 108, the user 106 may reinitiate the operation 605 via an operation 611 to obtain additional tokens using the double OTP token device.

The user 601 may then determine that the site 113 has not been authenticated (e.g., according to the two-factor-authentication system, they have failed to prove the first factor: “what you (they) are”), and may cease the attempt to authenticate. If the value is on the web page 108, then the user is forwarded to operation 607,

A decisional operation value 606 is used to allow the user to determine whether or not the value is contained on the web page 108 or not. Operation 607 allows the site 113 to send or forward a web page 108 to a user 106 to prompt the user 106 to enter in a second OTP token value taken from the double OTP token device. In terms of the two-factor-authentication system, this may allow the use to prove “what you (they) know.” A decisional operation 608 allows the user to either proceed with the transaction (e.g., the buying or selling of goods or services), via an operation 609 if a valid second OTP token value exists and is entered into the web page 108 displayed via an operation 604, or the user may be re-prompted via an operation 610 to enter in a valid second OTP value.

An operation 607 illustrates an encryption engine. In some embodiments, this encryption engine is displayed in FIG. 7 as an encryption engine 721. This encryption engine is responsible for encrypting and decrypting data including OTP token values sent between the site 113 and the computer system 105 and resides, for example, on the computer system 105. The encryption engine may implement a symmetric key algorithm, whereas, in other embodiments, it may implement an asymmetric key algorithm (e.g., un-tethered and tethered systems of encryption). The symmetric algorithm may implement the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), or some other suitable encryption algorithm (e,g., DES, Triple-DES, IDEA, or Blowfish just to name a few). AES may use key sizes of, for example, 128, 192, or 256 bits. Some embodiments may include a tethered or asymmetric system that utilizes a public and private key (e.g., a key pair) to encrypt and decrypt an OTP token. Some well known asymmetric encryption algorithms include RSA, and Diffie-Hellman, just to name a few. The usefulness of a particular key size (symmetric or asymmetric) can be determined through empirical testing and/or modeling. The key size may be automatically determined by the encryption engine based upon some type of preset size. In still other embodiments, the key size is selected by the user to meet their particular needs.

In some example systems, a hybrid of symmetric and asymmetric encryption is employed, a system known as a hybrid-crypto system is employed via the operation 607. Under this system, one or more OTP token values may be encrypted using a symmetric key algorithm which, in turn, is then encrypted using an asymmetric key algorithm. Applying the hybrid-crypto system, an site 113 receives a one or more encrypted OPT token values. These token values are de-crypted with a public key held by the site. Once de-crypted, the remaining symmetric encryption is de-crypted with a symmetrie key held by the site 113. Alternatively, a public key of a symmetric key algorithm may be used as a signature to verify the identity of the requestor of the OTP token value.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 700 for generating two OTP tokens using a device. A user 701 may activate a device in the form of a double OTP token device (e.g., cell phone 103, PDA 102, or dual OTP key for 104) via an operation 702. An operation 703, residing on one of these devices, is implemented wherein the device generates a first token value and a second token value using the mate clock mechanism. An operation 704, again residing on one of these dual OTP token devices, displays two OTP token values on one or more screens. Then a decisional operation 705 may prompt the user to determine whether the tokens are valid. As discussed elsewhere, the validity of the token may be based upon whether a first OTP token appears on a web page 108, and whether a second OTP token is verified by, for example, an site 113 via a third-party authentication site (see e.g., secured verification site 121). The site 113 would itself perform the verification, in lieu of the third-party secured verification site 112. If the OTP tokens are not valid, then the user is re-prompted with operation 703 to generate two additional new OTP token values. If the tokens are valid, then the user is allowed to continue with the operation 706.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 800 to generate two OTP tokens using a token generation algorithm. The logic depicted into this flow chart 800 may be implemented in, for example, a PDA 102, cell phone 103, or dual OTP key fob 104. An operation 801 allows the user 804 to activate the device. Some embodiments may include activation by way of a simple on/off button, touch screen, or a dedicated button to generate the two OTP token values. Once the device is switched on, an operation 802 allows for the initialization of the memory in the device itself.

After the. initialization operation 802, an operation 803 may be executed to facilitate the generation of two or more clock values from a single clock. These two or more of these clock values are passed through an operation 805 wherein an algorithm is used to convert these clock values into OTP token values. Then, an operation 806 displays the first and second OTP token value on one or more screens. Next, a decisional operation 807 may be executed wherein the user, or some automated process, determines whether the OTP token values are valid. If they are not valid, then the operation 803 is re-executed. In the alternative, an operation 808 may be executed wherein the transaction of good or services, can be proceeded with once the OTP token values are successfully verified.

In some embodiments, an operation 803 obtains a single clock value or a list of clock values. In one embodiment, this clock value can be as simple as a numeric value (e.g., an integer value), or as complex as a series of numeric values reflecting, for example, a date and time. Some embodiments may include a list containing these clock values that reflects the values over a specific range of time, clock ticks, or time increments. This single clock value or list of clock values may be rounded up the nearest cycle value (e.g., a whole integer value). For example, an OTP token value maybe 29.975, but the cycle value is set to increments of 30 (e,g., 30, 60, 90, 24530, and 55660). In such an example, a single clock value, or a list of clock values, is generated and rounded up to for example, 30 or 24530. Some embodiments may include, the single clock values being obtained, or synchronized with, a network connection as in the ease of a PDA 103 or cell phone 104 operatively coupled to a network, wherein the PDA 103 or cell phone 104 receives single clock values from the network, or these devices receive a present time value that is then used to generate single clock values.

In some embodiments, the list of clock values obtained from operation 803 is passed through an algorithm denoted by operation 805 residing on, for example, one of the aforementioned dual OTP token devices 102, 101, or 104. The algorithm is applied via the operation 805 to two or more clock values so as to hash, encrypt or otherwise modify the clock values to obscure their identity, in one embodiment, a time value is generated by the clock and is combined with a serial number value unique to the dual OTP taken device. The time value and serial number (e.g., a shared secret value) values are combined with a logical or Boolean operator such as “AND” “XOR”, or some other suitable operator. Once combined, the resulting value is passed through a hashing or encryption algorithm contained in a function that resides in operation 805. This operation can be described as follows using an example clock value of 745, and a serial number of 112346:

745 v 112346=745:

hashing_func(745)=242452 as a token value

The serial number (e.g., 112346) can be divided up into two or more sub values (e,g, 112 and 46), where each sub value is used as a serial number in the above described operation to generate an OTP token value. Some well known hashing algorithms include the Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), and the Message-Digest 5 (MD5) algorithm, just to name a few. Some well know encryption algorithms include the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and the Data Encryption Standard (DES). Once obscured, these values are saved into a memory.

In some embodiments, some type of encryption algorithm is used to obscure the clock values. In such an embodiment, a clock value is passed to an encryption algorithm that encrypts using, for example, symmetric, encryption to obscure the clock value. This algorithm may be the previously referenced AES or DES. The encryption key used to encrypt may. In some cases, be the same for one of the devices of set 101, and a third-party secured verification site 112. Such a key value may be established at compile time.

In some embodiments, the operation 805 generates token values based upon a set time interval or cycle. As described herein, this time interval can be set by the site or by the third-party authentication server (see e.g., the secured verification site 112). The OTP token value that is generated may be discrete and unrelated to preexisting token values (e.g., it is a time-synchronized one-time password), whereas, in other embodiments, this token is based upon previously used or generated token values (e.g., a mathematical-algorithm-based one-time password or event based token).

In some embodiments, a two-factor-authentication system may use two or more sequentially generated tokens that correspond to two or more cycles. For example, in one embodiment, a user is prompted with a web page. (see e.g., web page 08) containing an am token value that the user needs to verify. Verification occurs, in one embodiment, through the user obtaining as single OTP token value from a dual 01P token device that generates a single token (see above described operation for generating a first token). The user then compares this first token to the values appearing on the web page 108. After waiting one or more cycles, the user obtains a second OTP token value from a device that generates a single token and inputs this second OTP token value into the same (e.g., 108) or a different web page via a text box, drop down menu or other suitable object or widget appearing on a web page. Once this second OTP token value is verified the user is free to transact commerce on the site 113.

Platform Architecture

FIG. 9 is an example platform architecture 900 diagram. A third-party server 901 contains various third-party authentication software module 904 that are operatively coupled to a network 919. Secured verification site 112 may contain software 904. This software 904 may, for example, implement a symmetric, asymmetric, or a hybrid-crypto system. Some example embodiments may include a client machine 902 with a web client 905 that is also connected to a network 919. This web client may, for example, assist in the execution of operation 604 and the display of a web page 108 to be used to verify OTP token values. Example embodiments may also include a client machine 903 with a programmatic client application 906 that is operatively connected to an network 919 via a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), Internet or other type of network connection, collectively referred to herein as 907. This programmatic client application 906 may, for example, allow for the two or more OTP token values generated by a double OTP token device (see e.g., 102, 103 and 104) to be verified automatically via a USB, or other connection to, for example, a networked system 908. The client machines 902 and 903 may be computer systems 105. The network 919 is connected to a networked system 908. Example software and/or interfaces residing on this networked system 908 include an API server 910, a web server or web interface 909, an application server 913 that contains various applications including, for example, an OTP Transmission Engine 921 (e.g., to execute operation 604), an OTP Comparison Engine 922 (e.g., to execute decision& operation 608), an optional clock 923 and an Encryption Engine 920 (e.g., to execute part of operation 607). Some embodiments may include the optional clock 923 to perform many of the same functions as the secured verification site 112 described above, in effectively collapsing the functionality of the secured authentication site 112 into the functionality of the application server 913. A database server 917 is operatively coupled to one or more databases 918, and contains information relating to the above described storage level.

In some embodiments, the present invention is implemented on a digital processing system or computer system that includes a processor, which may represent one or more processors and may include one or more conventional types of such processors (e.g., x86, x86-64), such as an AMD processor, Intel Pentium processor or other suitable processor. A memory is coupled to the processor by a bus. The memory may be a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or may include static RAM (SRAM). The processor may also be coupled to other types of storage areas/memories cache, Flash memory, etc.), which could be considered as part of the memory or separate from the memory.

In some embodiments, a bus further couples the processor to a display controller, a mass memory or some type of computer-readable medium device, a modem or network interface card or adaptor, and an input/output (I/O) controller. The display controller may control in a conventional manner, a display, which may represent a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, or other type of suitable display device. Computer-readable medium may include a mass memory magnetic, optical, magneto-optical, tape, and/or other type of machine-readable medium/device for storing information. For example, the computer-readable medium may represent a hard disk, a read-only or writeable optical CD, etc. A network adaptor card such as a modem or network interface card is used to exchange data across a network such as an Internet. The I/O controller controls I/O device(s), which may include one or more keyboards, mouse/trackball or other pointing devices, magnetic and/or optical disk drives, printers, scanners, digital cameras, microphones, etc.

The present invention may he implemented entirely in executable computer program instructions which are stored on a computer-readable medium or may be implemented in a combination of software and hardware, or in certain embodiments, entirely in hardware.

Embodiments within the scope of the present invention include computer-readable medium for carrying or having computer-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such computer-readable medium may be any available medium, which is accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer system. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable medium can comprise physical storage medium such as RAM, ROM, EPROM, CD-ROM or other optical-disk storage, magnetic-disk storage or other magnetic-storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions, computer-readable instructions, or data structures and which may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer system. This physical storage medium may be fixed to the computer system as in the case or a magnetic drive or removable as in the case of an EEPROM device (e.g., flash memory device).

In some embodiments, when information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (e.g., either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a computer system, the connection is properly viewed as a computer-readable medium, thus, any such connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable medium. Computer-executable or computer-readable instruction comprise, the example, instructions and data which cause general-purpose computer system or special-purpose computer system to perform a certain function or group of functions. The computer -executable or computer-readable instructions may be, for example, binaries, or intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, or even source code.

In this illustration and in the following claims, a computer system is defined as one or more software modules, one or more hardware modules, or combinations thereof, that work together to perform opertions on electronic data. For example, the definition of computer system includes the hardware modules of a personal computer, as well as software modules, such as the operating system of the personal computer. The physical layout of Me modules is not important. A computer system may include one or more computers coupled via a network. Likewise, a computer system may include is single physical device (e.g., a mobile phone or PDA) where internal modules (e.g., a processor and memory) work together to perform operations on electronic data.

In some embodiments, the invention may he practiced in network computing environments with many types of computer system configurations, including hubs, routers, wireless access points (A Ps), wireless stations, personal computer, laptop computers, hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computer, mobile telephones, PDAs, pagers, and the like. The invention can also be practiced in distributed system environments where local and remote computer systems, which are linked (e.g., either by hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired and wireless connections) through a network, both perform tasks. In a distributed system environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory-storage, devices (see below).

FIG. 10 shows an example diagrammatic representation of machine in the example form of a computer system 1000 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform arty one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as as peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a personel computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also he taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Computer system 1000 may include client machines 902 and 903, computer systems 105, or networked system 908.

The example computer system 1000 includes a processor 1002 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (CPU) or both), a main memory 1001 and a static memory 1006, which communicate with each other via a bus 1008. The computer system 1000 may further include a video display unit 1010 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 1000 also includes an alphanumeric input device 1012 (e.g., a keyboard), a user interface (UI) navigation device (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit 1016, is signal generation device 1018 (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device 1020.

The disk drive unit 1016 includes a machine-readable medium 1022 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., 1021) and data structures (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The software may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1001 and/or within the processor 1002 during execution thereof by the computer system 3000, the main memory 1001 and the processor 1002 also constituting machine-readable media.

The software may further be transmitted or received over a network 1026 via the network interface device 1020 utilizing any one of a number of well known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP, HTTPS).

While the machine-readable medium 1022 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with such a set of instructions. The to “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, and carrier wave signals.

Marketplace Applications

Example embodiments may be used to facilitate e-commerce using two-factor authentication. For example, a user may obtain a dual token generating fob and use this fob to generate OTP token values for use in e-commerce. A user could, for example, log onto the web site using their password and user ID information. Upon a successful login, a user could then be prompted with an OTP token value in the form of a web page divided into two fields with the first field displaying a plurality of values, such as, for example, 647888, 656888, 702346, 400789, 934377, or some other suitable six-digit value. Seven, digits, eight digits, nine digits or some other suitable sized number is used to represent an OTP token value. This same web page may contain a second field containing a text box, scroll down menu, or some other type of suitable object, or widget through which one can select the set OTP token value. Once one successfully logs onto the site using these two OTP token values, one could be free to transact commerce across the Internet. For example, one could purchase goods, services, bid on items, or engage in other financial transactions where the identity of both the user of the system and the identity of the e-commerce by itself would be a prerequisite to the exchange of any type of money, or other types of compemsation, for a good or service.

In some embodiments, in addition to using as a dual OTP key fob 104, other types of devices could be used to secure and authenticate access to any data across a network (e.g., the internet). For example, a clock mechanism could be a part of the software in a PDA 102 or cell phone 103 such that the PDA 102 or cell phone 103 could generate two OTP token values that could then be used during the course of engaging in e-commerce. And again, a key fob with a USB plug 506 could be inserted into a USB port. Once inserted, the dual OTP key fob 104 could then generate two OTP values which could then automatically be used to validate one's identity or verify one's identity to an site (e.g., complete both parts of the two factor-authentication). In the ease of using a PDA or a cell phone, one would activate the OTP token value generation algorithm in either one of these devices in order to obtain the two OTP token values. These tokens, in any case, would have to be used within a specified time period. This set time interval of cycle may be 30 seconds, 60 seconds, 90 seconds, or some other suitable period of time. This period of time can be predetermined by the secured authentication site 12 to which the OTP algorithm is synchronized and/or the OTP clock is synchronized, or it could be determined by the site 113 itself. This interval or cycle could be predetermined for each double OTP token device such that when the device is activated, the device's clock would be set to a specific cycle of time (e.g., it would generate token based upon a certain cycle).

In some embodiments, a double OTP token device can be used to transact commerce on an on-line bidding site or e-commerce 113 site such as, for example, the EBAY™ site. Through using this device a user can verify their seller identity to a potential buyer, or conversely, a buyer could authenticate their buyer identity to a potential seller. This would alleviate the need for verification of a buyer/seller through their on-line identity, or selling or buying handle. This token device may additionally then be used to facilitate the actual transaction or sale of goods or services, or buying of goods or services. That is, rather than the device being used merely to identify a buyer or seller on a auction site, such as EBAY™, such a device could be used to transact money across accounts being used during the course of bidding, buying or selling goods or services on such a site.

In some embodiments, a maintainer or a secured verifcation site 112 of site 113 may manufacture and sell these double OTP token devices. These devices are synchronized with the various authentication servers run by, for example. RSA™ or VERISIGN™ such that, if one would like to transact business on a particular site 113 they must first purchase a double OTP token device from the company main fitting the secured verification site 112.

In some embodiments, the double OTP token device itself contains a login and password prompt wherein a user is first prompted for login and password information prior to being able to access OTP token values.

In terms of power supplies, the double OTP token device is battery powered, whereas in other embodiments as previously mentioned, it is powered via rechargeable battery wherein the device's USB plug 506 is inserted into a USB port and derives electrical power from this port and also the charging of its battery or batteries via this port.

Some embodiments may include a system including a display operatively coupled to a computer system to view a web page containing a first OTP value, an input device (e,g., a mouse, light pen or other suitable device) operative coupled to the computer system to provide input in the form of a second OTP value, and a transmitter a network adaptor card) operatively coupled to the computer system to facilitate transmission of the second OTP value. The system may also include an input device that is used to input the second OTP token value into the web page. Some embodiments may include the system wherein the input, device is used to input the second OTP token value into a second web page. The system may include the input device as a double OTP token device that generates the first OTP value, and the second OTP value. Some embodiments may include the system wherein the double OTP token device includes at /east one of a group of including a PDA 102, cell phone 103, and dual OTP key fob 105.

A method may be described as including displaying a web page containing OTP token values, comparing a first OTP token value displayed on the web page, with a first OTP token value displayed on a portable device, inputting, second OTP token value displayed on the portable device to the web page, and transmitting the second OTP value. Some embodiments may include the method further comprising generating the first and second OTP token value by passing a first and second clock value through a token algorithm. The method may further include displaying the first OTP token value an a first screen of a portable device and displaying the second OTP token value on a second screen of a portable device. Some embodiments may include the method thriller including verifying the second OTP token value by comparing it against an OTP token value received from a third-party verification server. The method further includes proceeding with a transaction once the second OTP token value is verified.

Example embodiments may also include a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon for causing a suitably programmed computer to execute a method including displaying a web page containing OTP token values, comparing a first OTP token value displayed on the web page, with a first OTP token value displayed on a portable device, inputting a second OTP token value displayed on the portable device into the web page, and transmitting the second OTP value.

In some embodiments, an apparatus is described as comprising, one or more processors to generate a first and second OTP token value by passing a first and second clock value through a token algorithm. Some embodiments may include the apparatus further including a clock operatively coupled to the one or more processors. Example embodiments may also include the apparatus wherein the clock is synchronized with another clock residing on a network. The apparatus may further comprise a display operatively coupled to the one or more processors to show the first OTP token value on a first screen of a portable device, and a display to show the second OTP token value on a second screen of a portable device. Moreover, the apparatus further includes a single screen operatively coupled to the one or more processors to show the first and second OTP token values. The apparatus is described as having the first and second OTP token values to include at least one of a group of including a six digit value, a seven digit value, and an eight digit value. The apparatus further comprises a first button that when pressed generates the first OTP value, and a second button that when pressed generates a second OTP value, wherein the first and second button are operatively coupled to the one or more processors. Additionally, the apparatus can he described as further comprising a key ring to allow the apparatus to be operatively coupled to a set of keys.

Some embodiments may include an apparatus comprising means for displaying a web page containing OTP token comparing a first OTP token value displayed on the web page, with a first OTP token value displayed on a portable device, means for inputting a second OTP token value displayed on the portable device into the web page, and means for transmuting the second OTP value.

It is to be understood that the above illustration is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Although numerous characterics and advantages of various embodiments as described herein have been set forth in the foregoing illustration, together with details of the structure and function of various embodiments, many other embodiments and chances to details is apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above illustration. The scope of the invention should be, therefore, determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the fall scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including,” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein,” respectively. Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc, are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b). requiring an abstract that may allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure, it is submitted with the understanding that it may not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of ate claims, in addition, in the foregoing Detailed Illustration, it can be seen that various features are grouped together h a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Illustration, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. 

1. A system comprising: a first clock residing at a secured verification site to synchronize with a second clock residing on a user device; a first hashing module, residing at the user device, to apply a hashing function to two or more clock values derived from the first clock, the two or more clock values selected while the first clock is synchronized to the second clock, the result of the hashing function comprising one-time password (OTP) token values: a second hashing module, residing at the secured verification site, to apply the hashing function to the two or more clock values. The result of the hashing function comprising OTP token values: a receiving module, residing at a second site, to receive the OTP token values from the user device and from the secured verification site; and a comparison module, residing at the second site, to compare the OTP token values from the user device and from the secured verification site.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the user device is further to store the two or more clock values and wherein the first hashing module is to apply the hashing function to the stored two or more clock values.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein two or more clock values are sequential clock values.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the two or more clock values are serial clock values.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the first hashing module and the second hashing module are further to combine the two or more clock values with a value unique to the user device.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the comparison module is further configured to de-hash the OTP token values and to compare the resulting clock values.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the user device is a double OTP token device.
 8. A method comprising: synchronizing a first clock residing at a secured verification site to a second clock residing on a user device; at the user device, applying a hashing function to two or more clock values derived from the first clock, the two or more clock values selected while the first clock is synchronized to the second clock, the result of the hashing function comprising one-time password (OTP) token values; at the secured verification site, applying the hashing function to the two or more clock values, the result of the hashing function comprising OTP token values; at a second site, receiving the OTP token values from the user device and from the secured verification site; and at the second site, comparing the OTP token values from the user device and from the secured verification site.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising, at the user device, storing the two or more clock values and applying the hashing function to the stored two or more clock values.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein two or more clock values are sequential clock values,
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the two or more clock values are serial clock values.
 12. ‘The method of claim 8, wherein applying the hashing function further comprises combining the two or more clock values with a value unique to the user device.
 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising, at the second site, de-hashing the OTP token values and comparing the resulting clock values.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the user device is a double OTP token device.
 15. An apparatus comprising: means for synchronizing a first clock residing at a secured verification site a second clock residing on a user device; at the user device, means for applying a hashing function to two or more clock values derived from the first clock, the two or more clock values selected while the first clock is synchronized to the second clock, the result of the hashing function comprising one-time password (OTP) token values; at the secured verification site, means for applying the hashing function to the two or more clock values, the result of the hashing function comprising OTP token values; at a second site, means for receiving the OTP token values from the user device and from the secured verification site; and at the second site, means for comparing the OTP token values from the user device and from the secured verification site.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising, at the user device, means for storing the two or more clock values and applying the hashing function to the stored two or more clock values.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein two or more clock values are sequential clock values.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the two or more clock values are serial clock values,
 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for applying the hashing function further comprises means for combining the two or more clock values with a value unique to the user device.
 20. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising, at the second site, means for de-hashing the OTP token values and comparing the resulting clock values. 